Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa and the Middle East by Ashok Swain

Author:Ashok Swain [Swain, Ashok]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: International Relations, Social Science, Political Science, Regional Studies, General
ISBN: 9781135768829
Google: -yKytuKmzAMC
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2004-06-01T11:06:02+00:00

NOTES

1. This chapter has borrowed liberally from the author's earlier works: A. Swain, ‘The Nile River Dispute: Ethiopia, the Sudan, and Egypt’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 35, 4 (1997), pp. 675–94; A. Swain, ‘A New Challenge: Water Scarcity in the Arab World’, Arab Studies Quarterly, 20, 1 (1998), pp. 1–11; A. Swain, ‘The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth’, SAIS Review, 22, 2 (2002), pp. 293–308; A. Swain, ‘Managing the Nile River: The Role of Sub-Basin Cooperation’, in M. Chatterji, S. Arlosoroff and G. Guha (eds), Conflict Management of Water Resources (Aldershot: Ashgate Publisher, 2002), pp. 145–60.

2. See World Bank, From Scarcity to Security: Averting a Water Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa (Washington DC: World Bank, 1998).

3. See J. R. Starr, ‘Water Wars’, Foreign Policy, 82 (1991).

4. Egypt heads the list among the externally water dependent countries in this region, whose 97 per cent of total water flow originates outside of its border. It is followed by Syria (79%), Sudan (77%), Iraq (66%), Jordan (36%), Israel (21%). A large part of Israel's water supply comes from the disputed territories. World Resource Institute, World Resources, 1991–92 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

5. T. Homer-Dixon and V. Percival, Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: Briefing Book (The Project on Environment, Population and Security, Association for the Advancement of Science of University College, University of Toronto, 1996).

6. S. Arlosoroff, ‘The Water Sector in the Middle-East: Potential Conflict Resolutions’, in M. Chatterji, S. Arlosoroff and G. Guha (eds), Conflict Management of Water Resources (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers, 2002), pp. 47–68.

7. M. R. Lowi, ‘Bridging the Divide: Transboundary Resource Disputes and the Case of West Bank Water’, International Security, 18, 1 (1993), pp. 113–38.

8. S. Libiszewski, Water Disputes in the Jordan Basin Region and their Role in the Resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict (Zurich: Centre for Security Studies and Conflict Research Occasional Paper No. 13, 1995).

9. M. Sherman, ‘The Hydro-Political Implications of the Oslo Agreements: An Israeli Perspective’, in M. Chatterji, S. Arlosoroff and G. Guha (eds), Conflict Management of Water Resources (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers, 2002), pp. 69–85.

10. Ha'aretz, 21 December 1995.

11. K. Kelly and T. Homer-Dixon, Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Gaza (Toronto: AAAS and University of Toronto, the Project on Environment, Population and Security, 1995).

12. Saudi Arabia has the world's largest number of desalination plants. J. Bulloch and A. Darwish, Water Wars: Coming Conflicts in the Middle East (London: Victor Gollancz, 1993), p. 143.

13. M. J. Haddadin, ‘Water Issues in the Middle East Challenges and Opportunities’, Water Policy, 4 (2002), pp. 205–22.

14. A. T. Wolf, Hydropolitics Along the Jordan River: Scarce Water and its Impact on the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Tokyo: UNU Press, 1995).

15. N. S. Copaken, ‘The Perception of Water as part of Territory in Israeli and Arab Ideologies between 1964 and 1993: Toward a Further Understanding of the Arab-Jewish Conflict’ (University of Haifa, Working Paper No. 8, May 1996).

16. Wolf, Hydropolitics along the Jordan River, p. 43.

17. E. Feitelson, ‘The Ebb and Flow

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